Fluorinated surfactants for making fluoropolymers

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a method for making a fluoropolymer and a method for preparing a fluorinated surfactant.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/907,097, filed on Oct. 19, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/612,502, filed on Dec. 19, 2006, now issued asU.S. Pat. No. 7,838,608, which claims priority to Great Britain PatentApplication No. 0525978.3, filed Dec. 21, 2005, the disclosures of whichare herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to fluorinated surfactants and inparticular relates to fluorinated surfactants that are suitable for usein the aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers toproduce fluoropolymers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fluoropolymers, i.e. polymers having a fluorinated backbone, have beenlong known and have been used in a variety of applications because ofseveral desirable properties such as heat resistance, chemicalresistance, weatherability, UV-stability etc. The various fluoropolymersare for example described in “Modern Fluoropolymers”, edited by JohnScheirs, Wiley Science 1997. Commonly known or commercially employedfluoropolymers include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copolymers oftetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) (FEP polymers),perfluoroalkoxy copolymers (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)copolymers, terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene andvinylidene fluoride (VDF) (so called THV copolymers) and polyvinylidenefluoride polymers (PVDF). Commercially employed fluoropolymers alsoinclude fluoroelastomers and thermoplastic fluoropolymers. Severalmethods are known to produce fluoropolymers. Such methods includesuspension polymerization, aqueous emulsion polymerization, solutionpolymerization, polymerization using supercritical CO₂, andpolymerization in the gas phase.

Currently, the most commonly employed polymerization methods includesuspension polymerization and especially aqueous emulsionpolymerization. The aqueous emulsion polymerization normally involvesthe polymerization in the presence of a fluorinated surfactant, which isgenerally used for the stabilization of the polymer particles formed.The suspension polymerization generally does not involve the use ofsurfactant but results in substantially larger polymer particles than incase of the aqueous emulsion polymerization. Thus, the polymer particlesin case of suspension polymerization will quickly settle out whereas incase of dispersions obtained in emulsion polymerization generally goodstability over a long period of time is obtained.

It is generally recognized that an aqueous emulsion polymerizationwherein no surfactant is used to generally produce homo- and copolymersof chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE).

Notwithstanding the fact that emulsifier free polymerizations are known,the aqueous emulsion polymerization process in the presence offluorinated surfactants is still a desirable process to producefluoropolymers because it can yield stable fluoropolymer particledispersions in high yield and in a more environmental friendly way thanfor example polymerizations conducted in an organic solvent. Frequently,the emulsion polymerization process is carried out using aperfluoroalkanoic acid or salt thereof as a surfactant. Thesesurfactants are typically used as they provide a wide variety ofdesirable properties such as high speed of polymerization, goodcopolymerization properties of fluorinated olefins with comonomers,small particle sizes of the resulting dispersion can be achieved, goodpolymerization yields i.e. a high amount of solids can be produced, gooddispersion stability, etc. However, environmental concerns have beenraised against these surfactants and moreover these surfactants aregenerally expensive. Alternative surfactants to the perfluoroalkanoicacids or salts thereof have also been proposed in the art for conductingthe emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers. It would now bedesirable to find an alternative emulsion polymerization process inwhich the use of perfluoroalkanoic acids and salts thereof as afluorinated surfactant can be avoided. In particular, it would bedesirable to find an alternative surfactant or dispersant, in particularone that is more environmentally friendly, for example has a lowtoxicity and/or shows no or only little bioaccumulation. It would alsobe desirable that the alternative surfactant has good chemical andthermal stability enabling polymerization over a wide range ofconditions of for example temperature and/or pressure. Desirably, thealternative surfactant or dispersant allows for a high polymerizationrate, good dispersion stability, good yields, good copolymerizationproperties; less or no telogenic effects and/or the possibility ofobtaining a wide variety of particle sizes including small particlesizes. The properties of the resulting fluoropolymer should generallynot be negatively influenced and preferably would be improved.Desirably, the resulting dispersions have good or excellent propertiesin coating applications and/or impregnation of substrates, including forexample good film forming properties. It would further be desirable thatthe polymerization can be carried out in a convenient and cost effectiveway, preferably using equipment commonly used in the aqueous emulsionpolymerization of fluorinated monomers. Additionally, it may bedesirable to recover the alternative surfactant or dispersant from wastewater streams and/or to remove or recover the surfactant from thedispersion subsequent to the polymerization. Desirably, such recoverycan proceed in an easy, convenient and cost effective way.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a fluorinated surfactant having the general formula:

[R_(f)—(O)_(t)—CHF—(CF₂)_(n)—COO⁻]_(i)X¹⁺  (I)

wherein R_(f) represents a partially or fully fluorinated aliphaticgroup optionally interrupted with one or more oxygen atoms, t is 0 or 1and n is 0 or 1, X^(i+) represents a cation having a valence i and i is1, 2 or 3. Examples of cations X^(i+) include H⁺, ammonium such as NH₄⁺, metal cations such as alkali metal ions including sodium andpotassium and earth alkali cations such as calcium and magnesium.Generally, the fluorinated surfactant of formula (I) will be a lowmolecular weight compound, for example a compound having a molecularweight for the anion part of the compound of not more than 1000 g/mol,typically not more than 600 g/mol and in particular embodiments, theanion of the fluorinated surfactant may have a molecular weight of notmore than 500 g/mol.

Particularly preferred fluorinated carboxylic acids are those that whenadministered to rats show a recovery of at least 45%, for example atleast 50% of the administered amount after 96 hours via renalelimination and that have a renal elimination half-life of not more than35 hours, for example of not more than 30 hours in rats as testedaccording to the method set forth in the examples. Generally,fluorinated carboxylic acids in which each of the fluorinated aliphaticmoieties in the compound have not more than 3 carbon atoms fulfill theaforementioned conditions of renal recovery and half-life. Thus,preferred compounds are those in which any fluorinated alkylene groupshave not more than 3 carbon atoms and in which a fluorinated alkyl groupof the compound has not more than 3 carbon atoms.

It has been found that these surfactants can be easily and convenientlybe prepared in a cost effective way. In particular, the fluorinatedsurfactants of formula (I) have been found to be suitable in the aqueousemulsion polymerization of monomers, in particular fluorinated monomers.In addition to their use in aqueous emulsion polymerization, thefluorinated surfactants may be useful in other applications wheresurfactants are used, such as for example in coating compositions or instabilizing dispersions including for example fluoropolymer dispersions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The fluorinated surfactant (I) can be derived from fluorinated olefinsof the general formula:

R_(f)—(O)_(t)—CF═CF2   (II)

wherein Rf and t are as defined above.

According to one embodiment, surfactants according to formula (I)wherein n is 0 can be prepared by reacting a fluorinated olefin offormula (II) with a base.

In an alternative embodiment to prepare the fluorinated surfactants offormula (I) wherein n is 0 can be prepared by reacting a fluorinatedolefin of formula (II) with a hydrocarbon alcohol in an alkaline mediumand then decomposing the resulting ether in acidic conditions therebyforming the corresponding carboxylic acid.

To prepare fluorinated surfactants of formula (I) wherein n is 1, a freeradical reaction of the fluorinated olefin of formula (II) with ahydrocarbon alcohol is carried out followed by an oxidation of theresulting reaction product.

Still further, in a particular aspect, the invention provides a methodfor making a fluoropolymer comprising an aqueous emulsion polymerizationof one or more fluorinated monomers wherein said aqueous emulsionpolymerization is carried out in the presence of one or more fluorinatedsurfactants according to formula (I) above.

In yet a further aspect, the present invention provides an aqueouscomposition comprising one or more fluorinated surfactants according toformula (I) above.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method ofapplying the above defined aqueous composition to a substrate. Suitablesubstrates include for example metal substrates, glass, plastic orfabrics.

Fluorinated surfactants according to formula (I) may be used in avariety of applications where a surfactant is needed or desired. Thefluorinated surfactants according to formula (I) have been found to besuitable for use in an aqueous emulsion polymerization of fluorinatedand/or non-fluorinated monomers. In particular, the fluorinatedsurfactants can be used in the aqueous emulsion polymerization offluorinated monomers, e.g. fluorinated olefins, to make fluoropolymersthat have a partially or fully fluorinated backbone.

The Rf group in formula (I) above represents a partially or fullyfluorinated aliphatic group that may be interrupted with one or moreoxygen atoms. In a particular embodiment, the Rf group will have from 1to 50 carbon atoms, for example between 3 and 30 carbon atoms.Generally, a fully fluorinated R_(f) group will be preferred when thesurfactant is to be used in the aqueous emulsion polymerization offluorinated monomers to make fluoropolymers with a partially or fullyfluorinated backbone. Thus, for the aqueous emulsion polymerization,surfactants according to formula (I) are preferred in which R_(f) is aperfluorinated aliphatic group optionally interrupted with one or moreoxygen atoms. For environmental reasons, it will generally be preferredthat a perfluorinated aliphatic R_(f) group does not contain alkyland/or alkylene fragments of more than 6 carbon atoms, preferably notmore than 3 carbon atoms.

In a particular embodiment, the R_(f) is selected from the groupconsisting of perfluorinated aliphatic groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms,perfluorinated groups of the formula:

R_(f) ¹—[OR_(f) ²]_(p)—[OR_(f) ³]_(q)—

wherein R_(f) ¹ is a perfluorinated aliphatic group of 1 to 6 carbonatoms, for example upto 3 carbon atoms, R_(f) ² and R_(f) ³ eachindependently represents linear or branched a perfluorinated alkylene of1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms and p and q each independently represent avalue of 0 to 4 and wherein the sum of p and q is at least 1 andperfluorinated groups of the formula:

Rf⁴—[OR_(f) ⁵]_(k)—[OR_(f) ⁶]_(m)—O—CF₂—

wherein R_(f) ⁴ is a perfluorinated aliphatic group of 1 to 3 or 4carbon atoms, R_(f) ⁵ and R_(f) ⁶ each independently represents a linearor branched perfluorinated alkylene of 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms and kand m each independently represent a value of 0 to 4.

In yet a further embodiment, Rf may correspond to the following formula:

R_(f) ⁸—(OCF2)_(a)—  (III)

wherein a is an integer of 1 to 6 and R_(f) ⁸ is a linear partiallyfluorinated aliphatic group or a linear fully fluorinated aliphaticgroup having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. When R_(f) ⁸ is a partiallyfluorinated aliphatic group, the number of carbon atoms preferably isbetween 1 and 6 and the number of hydrogen atoms in the partiallyfluorinated aliphatic groups is preferably 1 or 2.

In a still further embodiment, R_(f) may correspond to the followingformula:

R_(f) ⁹—O—(CF2)_(b)—  (IV)

wherein b is an integer of 1 to 6, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 and R_(f) ⁹is a linear partially fluorinated aliphatic group or a linear fullyfluorinated aliphatic group having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. When R_(f)⁹ is a partially fluorinated aliphatic group, the number of carbon atomspreferably is between 1 and 6 and the number of hydrogen atoms in thepartially fluorinated groups is preferably 1 or 2.

Specific examples of fluorinated surfactants according to formula (I)include:

It is understood that while the above list of compounds only lists theacids, the corresponding salts, in particular the NH₄ ⁺, potassium,sodium or lithium salts can equally be used.

The fluorinated surfactants can be derived from a fluorinated olefin offormula (II). Fluorinated olefins according to formula (II) that can beused to prepare the fluorinated surfactants of formula (I) includeperfluorinated alkyl vinyl compounds, vinyl ethers in particularperfluorovinyl ethers and allyl ethers, in particular perfluorinatedallyl ethers. Particular examples of fluorinated olefins include thosethat are used in the preparation of fluoropolymers and that aredescribed below.

According to one embodiment, surfactants according to formula (I)wherein n is 0 can be prepared by reacting a fluorinated olefin offormula (II) with a base. The reaction is generally carried out inaqueous media. An organic solvent may be added to improve the solubilityof the fluorinated olefin. Examples of organic solvents include glyme,tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetonitrile. Additionally or alternatively aphase transfer catalyst may be used. As a base, use can be made of forexample ammonia, alkali and earth alkali hydroxides. Without intendingto be bound by any theory, it is believed, that the reaction proceedsaccording to the following sequence when ammonia is used as a base:

R_(f)—(O)_(t)—CF═CF₂+NH3+H₂O→R_(f)—(O)_(t)—CHF—COONH₄+NH₄F

The reaction is generally carried out between 0 and 200° C., for examplebetween 20-150° C. and at a pressure between about 1 bar up to about 20bar. For further purification, the obtained salts can be distilled viathe free acid or by first converting the acid into an ester derivativeand then distilling the ester derivative followed by hydolysis of theester to obtain the purified acid or salt thereof.

In an alternative embodiment to prepare the fluorinated surfactants offormula (I) wherein n is 0 can be prepared by reacting a fluorinatedolefin of formula (II) with a hydrocarbon alcohol in an alkaline mediumand then decomposing the resulting ether in acidic conditions therebyforming the corresponding carboxylic acid. Suitable hydrocarbon alcoholsinclude aliphatic alcohols such as lower alkanols having 1 to 4 carbonatoms.

Specific examples include methanol, ethanol and butanol includingt-butanol. The reaction of the fluorinated olefin with the alcohol in analkaline medium may be carried out as described in “Furin et al., BullKorean Chem. Soc. 20, 220 [1999]”. The reaction product of this reactionis an ether derivative of the fluorinated olefin. This resulting ethercan be decomposed under acidic conditions as described in “D. C.England, J. Org. Chem. 49, 4007 (1984)” to yield the correspondingcarboxylic acid or salt thereof.

To prepare fluorinated surfactants of formula (I) wherein n is 1, a freeradical reaction of the fluorinated olefin of formula (II) with ahydrocarbon alcohol may be carried out followed by an oxidation of theresulting reaction product. Suitable hydrocarbon alcohols that can beused include aliphatic alcohols such as lower alkanols having 1 to 4carbon atoms. Specific examples include methanol, ethanol and propanol.The free radical reaction is typically carried out using a free radicalinitiator as is typically used in a free radical polymerizationreaction. Examples of suitable free radical initiators includepersulfates such as for example ammonium persulfate. Detailed conditionsof the free radical reaction of the fluorinated surfactant with analcohol can be found in “S. V. Sokolov et al., Zh. Vses. Khim Obsh 24,656 (1979)”. The resulting alcohol derivative of the fluorinated olefincan be chemically oxidized with an oxidizing agent to the correspondingcarboxylic acid. Examples of oxidizing agents include for examplepotassium permanganate, chromium (VI) oxide, RuO₄ or OSO₄ optionally inthe presence of NaOCl nitric acid/iron catalyst, dinitrogen tetroxide.Typically the oxidation is carried out in acidic or basic conditions ata temperature between 10 and 100° C. In addition to chemical oxidation,electrochemical oxidation may be used as well.

In a particular preferred embodiment, one or more fluorinatedsurfactants of formula (I) are used in the aqueous emulsionpolymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers, in particulargaseous fluorinated monomers. By gaseous fluorinated monomers is meantmonomers that are present as a gas under the polymerization conditions.In a particular embodiment, the polymerization of the fluorinatedmonomers is started in the presence of the fluorinated surfactantaccording to formula (I), i.e. the polymerization is initiated in thepresence of the fluorinated surfactant. The amount of fluorinatedsurfactant used may vary depending on desired properties such as amountof solids, particle size etc. . . . Generally the amount of fluorinatedsurfactant will be between 0.001% by weight based on the weight of waterin the polymerization and 5% by weight, for example between 0.005% byweight and 2% by weight. A practical range is between 0.05% by weightand 1% by weight. While the polymerization is generally initiated in thepresence of the fluorinated surfactant, it is not excluded to addfurther fluorinated surfactant during the polymerization although suchwill generally not be necessary. Nevertheless, it may be desirable toadd certain monomer to the polymerization in the form of an aqueousemulsion. For example, fluorinated monomers and in particularperfluorinated co-monomers that are liquid under the polymerizationconditions may be advantageously added in the form of an aqueousemulsion. Such emulsion of such co-monomers is preferably prepared usingthe fluorinated surfactant according to formula (I) as an emulsifier.

In accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention, amixture of fluorinated surfactants according to formula (I) is used. Ina still further embodiment the fluorinated surfactant according toformula (I) or mixture thereof may be used in combination with one ormore further fluorinated surfactants that do not correspond to formula(I). In particular, such further fluorinated surfactants includeperfluorinated ethers and perfluorinated polyethers. Suitableperfluorinated polyethers include those according to the followingformulas (III) or (IV):

CF₃—(OCF₂)_(m)—O—CF₂—X   (III)

wherein m has a value of 1 to 6 and X represents a carboxylic acid groupor salt thereof;

CF₃—O—(CF2)₃—(OCF(CF₃)—CF₂)_(z)—O-L-Y   (IV)

wherein z has a value of 0, 1, 2 or 3, L represents a divalent linkinggroup selected from

—CF(CF3)—, —CF₂— and —CF2CF2—

and Y represents a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof. Examples ofcarboxylic acid salts include sodium, potassium and ammonium (NH₄)salts. Still further polyethers include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.3,271,341; U.S. Publication No. 2005/0090613; U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,006;U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,717 and EP 625526. Examples of perfluorinated ethersurfactants that can be used include those according to the followinggeneral formula:

R⁷ _(f)—O—CF₂CF₂—X   (V)

wherein R_(f) ⁷ represents a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl grouphaving 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms and X represents a carboxylic acidgroup or salt thereof. Examples of carboxylic acid salts include sodium,potassium and ammonium (NH₄) salts.

When the fluorinated surfactant(s) according to formula (I) are used inadmixture with one or more further fluorinated surfactants, thefluorinated surfactant(s) of formula (I) may be present in a weightratio of for example 1:10 to 100:1. Generally, when such a mixture isused it will be preferred that the fluorinated surfactant(s) accordingto formula (I) represents at least 20%, for example at least 30% or atleast 51% by weight of the total amount of fluorinated surfactant used.

The aqueous emulsion polymerization may be carried out at a temperaturebetween 10 to 150° C., preferably 20° C. to 110° C. and the pressure istypically between 2 and 30 bar, in particular 5 to 20 bar. The reactiontemperature may be varied during the polymerization to influence themolecular weight distribution, i.e., to obtain a broad molecular weightdistribution or to obtain a bimodal or multimodal molecular weightdistribution.

The pH of the polymerization media may be in the range of pH 2-11,preferably 3-10, most preferably 4-10.

The aqueous emulsion polymerization is typically initiated by aninitiator including any of the initiators known for initiating a freeradical polymerization of fluorinated monomers. Suitable initiatorsinclude peroxides and azo compounds and redox based initiators. Specificexamples of peroxide initiators include, hydrogen peroxide, sodium orbarium peroxide, diacylperoxides such as diacetylperoxide, disuccinylperoxide, dipropionylperoxide, dibutyrylperoxide, dibenzoylperoxide,benzoylacetylperoxide, diglutaric acid peroxide and dilaurylperoxide,and further per-acids and salts thereof such as e.g. ammonium, sodium orpotassium salts. Examples of per-acids include peracetic acid. Esters ofthe peracid can be used as well and examples thereof includetert.-butylperoxyacetate and tert.-butylperoxypivalate. Examples ofinorganic include for example ammonium-alkali- or earth alkali salts ofpersulfates, permanganic or manganic acid or manganic acids. Apersulfate initiator, e.g. ammonium persulfate (APS), can be used on itsown or may be used in combination with a reducing agent. Suitablereducing agents include bisulfites such as for example ammoniumbisulfite or sodium metabisulfite, thiosulfates such as for exampleammonium, potassium or sodium thiosulfate, hydrazines, azodicarboxylatesand azodicarboxyldiamide (ADA). Further reducing agents that may be usedinclude sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (Rongalit®) or fluoroalkylsulfinates as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,002. The reducing agenttypically reduces the half-life time of the persulfate initiator.Additionally, a metal salt catalyst such as for example copper, iron orsilver salts may be added. The amount of initiator may be between 0.01%by weight (based on the fluoropolymer solids to be produced) and 1% byweight. In one embodiment, the amount of initiator is between 0.05 and0.5% by weight. In another embodiment, the amount may be between 0.05and 0.3% by weight.

The aqueous emulsion polymerization system may further comprise othermaterials, such as buffers and, if desired, complex-formers orchain-transfer agents. Examples of chain transfer agents that can beused include dimethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, alkanes having 1 to 5carbon atoms such as ethane, propane and n-pentane, halogenatedhydrocarbons such as CCl₄, CHCl₃ and CH2Cl₂ and hydrofluorocarboncompounds such as CH2F—CF3 (R134a). Additionally esters likeethylacetate, malonic esters are applicable.

Examples of fluorinated monomers that may be polymerized using thefluorinated surfactant according to formula (I) as an emulsifier includepartially or fully fluorinated gaseous monomers including fluorinatedolefins such as tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene(CTFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), vinyl fluoride (VF), vinylidenefluoride (VDF), partially or fully fluorinated allyl ethers andpartially or fully fluorinated vinyl ethers. The polymerization mayfurther involve non-fluorinated monomers such as ethylene and propylene.

Further examples of fluorinated monomers that may be used in the aqueousemulsion polymerization according to the invention include thosecorresponding to the formula:

CF₂═CF—O—R_(f)

wherein R_(f) represents a perfluorinated aliphatic group that maycontain one or more oxygen atoms. Preferably, the perfluorovinyl etherscorrespond to the general formula:

CF₂═CFO(R_(f)O)_(n)(R′_(f)O)_(m)R″_(f)

wherein R_(f) and R′_(f) are different linear or branchedperfluoroalkylene groups of 2-6 carbon atoms, m and n are independently0-10, and R″_(f) is a perfluoroalkyl group of 1-6 carbon atoms. Examplesof perfluorovinyl ethers according to the above formulas includeperfluoro-2-propoxypropylvinyl ether (PPVE-2),perfluoro-3-methoxy-n-propylvinyl ether, perfluoro-2-methoxy-ethylvinylether, perfluoromethylvinyl ether (PMVE), perfluoro-n-propylvinyl ether(PPVE-1) and CF₃—(CF₂)₂—O—CF(CF₃)—CF₂—O—(CF₃)—CF₂—O—CF═CF_(2.)

Examples of fluorinated allyl ethers that can be used include thosecorresponding to the general formula:

CF₂═CF—CF₂—O—R_(f)

wherein R_(f) represents a perfluorinated aliphatic group that maycontain one or more oxygen atoms.

Still further, the polymerization may involve comonomers that have afunctional group such as for example a group capable of participating ina peroxide cure reaction. Such functional groups include halogens suchas Br or I as well as nitrile groups. Specific examples of suchcomonomers that may be listed here include

-   -   (a) bromo- or iodo-(per)fluoroalkyl-(per)fluorovinylethers        having the formula:

Z—Rf—O—CX═CX2

wherein each X may be the same or different and represents H or F, Z isBr or I, R_(f) is a (per)fluoroalkylene C₁-C₁₂, optionally containingchlorine and/or ether oxygen atoms; for example: BrCF₂—O—CF═CF₂,BrCF₂CF₂—O—CF═CF₂, BrCF₂CF₂CF₂—O—CF═CF₂, CF₃CFBrCF₂—O—CF═CF₂, and thelike; and

-   -   (b) bromo- or iodo containing fluoroolefins such as those having        the formula:

Z′—(R_(f)′)_(r)—CX═CX_(2,)

wherein each X independently represents H or F, Z′ is Br or I, R_(f)′ isa perfluoroalkylene C₁-C₁₂, optionally containing chlorine atoms and ris 0 or 1; for instance: bromotrifluoroethylene,4-bromo-perfluorobutene-1, and the like; or bromofluoroolefins such as1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene and 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobutene-1.Examples of nitrile containing monomers that may be used include thosethat correspond to one of the following formulas:

CF₂═CF—CF₂-O-R_(f)—CN

CF₂═CFO(CF₂)_(L)CN

CF₂═CFO[CF₂CF(CF₃)O]_(g)(CF₂)_(v)OCF(CF₃)CN

CF₂═CF[OCF₂CF(CF₃)]_(k)O(CF₂)_(u)CN

wherein L represents an integer of 2 to 12; g represents an integer of 0to 4; k represents 1 or 2; v represents an integer of 0 to 6; urepresents an integer of 1 to 6, R_(f) is a perfluoroalkylene or abivalent perfluoroether group. Specific examples of nitrile containingliquid fluorinated monomers includeperfluoro(8-cyano-5-methyl-3,6-dioxa-1-octene), CF₂═CFO(CF₂)₅CN, andCF₂═CFO(CF₂)₃OCF(CF₃)CN.

The aqueous emulsion polymerization may be used to produce a variety offluoropolymers including perfluoropolymers, which have a fullyfluorinated backbone, as well as partially fluorinated fluoropolymers.Also the aqueous emulsion polymerization may result in melt-processiblefluoropolymers as well as those that are not melt-processible such asfor example polytetrafluoroethylene and so-called modifiedpolytetrafluoroethylene. The polymerization process can further yieldfluoropolymers that can be cured to make fluoroelastomers as well asfluorothermoplasts. Fluorothermoplasts are generally fluoropolymers thathave a distinct and well noticeable melting point, typically in therange of 60 to 320° C. or between 100 and 320° C. They thus have asubstantial crystalline phase. Fluoropolymers that are used for makingfluoroelastomers typically are amorphous and/or have a neglectableamount of crystallinity such that no or hardly any melting point isdiscernable for these fluoropolymers.

The aqueous emulsion polymerization results in a dispersion of thefluoropolymer in water. Generally the amount of solids of thefluoropolymer in the dispersion directly resulting from thepolymerization will vary between 3% by weight and about 40% by weightdepending on the polymerization conditions. A typical range is between 5and 30% by weight, for example between 10 and 25% by weight. Theparticle size (volume average diameter) of the fluoropolymer istypically between 40 nm and 400 nm with a typical particle size beingbetween 60 nm and about 350 nm. The total amount of fluorinatedsurfactant according to formula (I) in the resulting dispersion istypically between 0.001 and 5% by weight based on the amount offluoropolymer solids in the dispersion. A typical amount may be from0.01 to 2% by weight or from 0.02 to 1% by weight.

The fluoropolymer may be isolated from the dispersion by coagulation ifa polymer in solid form is desired. Also, depending on the requirementsof the application in which the fluoropolymer is to be used, thefluoropolymer may be post-fluorinated so as to convert any thermallyunstable end groups into stable CF₃ end groups. The fluoropolymer may bepost-fluorinated as described in for example EP 222945. Generally, thefluoropolymer will be post fluorinated such that the amount of endgroups in the fluoropolymer other than CF₃ is less than 80 per millioncarbon atoms.

For coating applications, an aqueous dispersion of the fluoropolymer isdesired and hence the fluoropolymer will not need to be separated orcoagulated from the dispersion. To obtain a fluoropolymer dispersionsuitable for use in coating applications such as for example in theimpregnation of fabrics or in the coating of metal substrates to makefor example cookware, it will generally be desired to add furtherstabilizing surfactants and/or to further increase the fluoropolymersolids. For example, non-ionic stabilizing surfactants may be added tothe fluoropolymer dispersion. Typically these will be added thereto inan amount of 1 to 12% by weight based on fluoropolymer solids. Examplesof non-ionic surfactants that may be added include

R¹—O—[CH₂CH₂O]_(n)—[R²O]_(m)—R³   (VI)

wherein R¹ represents an aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon group havingat least 8 carbon atoms, R² represents an alkylene having 3 carbonatoms, R³ represents hydrogen or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group, n has a value of 0to 40, m has a value of 0 to 40 and the sum of n+m being at least 2. Itwill be understood that in the above formula (VI), the units indexed byn and m may appear as blocks or they may be present in an alternating orrandom configuration. Examples of non-ionic surfactants according toformula (VI) above include alkylphenol oxy ethylates such as ethoxylatedp-isooctylphenol commercially available under the brand name TRITON™such as for example TRITON™ X 100 wherein the number of ethoxy units isabout 10 or TRITON™ X 114 wherein the number of ethoxy units is about 7to 8. Still further examples include those in which R¹ in the aboveformula (VI) represents an alkyl group of 4 to 20 carbon atoms, m is 0and R³ is hydrogen. An example thereof includes isotridecanolethoxylated with about 8 ethoxy groups and which is commerciallyavailable as GENAPOL®X080 from Clariant GmbH. Non-ionic surfactantsaccording to formula (VI) in which the hydrophilic part comprises ablock-copolymer of ethoxy groups and propoxy groups may be used as well.Such non-ionic surfactants are commercially available from Clariant GmbHunder the trade designation GENAPOL® PF 40 and GENAPOL® PF 80.

The amount of fluoropolymer solids in the dispersion may beupconcentrated as needed or desired to an amount between 30 and 70% byweight. Any of the known upconcentration techniques may be usedincluding ultrafiltration and thermal upconcentration.

The invention is further illustrated with reference to the followingexamples without the intention to limit the invention thereto.

EXAMPLES

Test Methods

Determination of Solid Content

-   -   Determination of solid content was carried out subjecting the        sample to a temperature up to 250° C. for 30 min.

Determination of Particle Size

-   -   The latex particle size determination was conducted by means of        dynamic light scattering with a Malvern Zetazizer 1000 HAS in        accordance to ISO/DIS 13321.    -   Prior to the measurements, the polymer latexes as yielded from        the polymerizations were diluted with 0.001 mol/L KCl-solution,        the measurement temperature was 25° C. in all cases. The        reported average is the Z-average particle diameter unless        otherwise indicated.

MFI was measured according to ISO 12086.

SSG, Standard specific gravity, was measured according ASTM 4894-04

Fluorinated Emulsifiers Used:

C₃F₇—O—CF(CF₃)—CF₂—O—CHF—COOH Compound 1

CF₃—O—CF₂—CF₂—CF₂—O—CHF—CF₂—COONH₄ Compound 2

CF₃—O—CF₂—CF₂—CF₂—O—CHF—COONH₄ Compound 3

C₃F₇—O—CHF—CF₂COONH₄ Compound 4

C₃F₇—O—CHF—COONH₄ Compound 5

Synthesis of Compound 1: C₃F₇—O—CF(CF₃)—CF₂—O—CHF—COOH

Perfluoro-5-methyl-3,6-dioxanonene-1 was added to an aqueous solution ofKOH, LiOH and Aliquat™ 336 (trioctyl methyl ammonium chloride). Themixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours. Unreacted vinyl ether wasdistilled off and the alkaline aqueous phase was acidified withsulphuric acid. Methanol was added and the mixture was distilled. Thedistillate separated into two phases. The lower phase was distilled toyield the methyl ester of 2-H-perfluoro-5-methyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic acid(bp 98° C., 110 Hectopascal). The ester was converted to the ammoniumsalt by heating with excess aqueous ammonia. After removal of themethanol and surplus ammonia via distillation, a clear aqueous solutionwas obtained. On cooling, a part of the ammonium salt precipitated fromthe solution.

Synthesis of Compound 2: CF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCF₂COONH₄

-   -   a. preparation of CF₃O(CF2)₃OCHFCF₂CH₂OH

Using a 2 liter glass flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, refluxcondenser, and dropping funnel, 255 g of perfluoromethoxypropyl vinylether and 730 g methanol were converted with Rongalit® (sodiumhydroxymethyl sulfinate) and t-butylhydroperoxide as radical source.Reaction temperature started at 47° C. and reached 64° C. at the end.Work up by distillation yielded 166 g of pure CF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCF2CH2OHwith a boiling point of 60-61° C./20 mbar. This corresponds to a yieldof 59%.

-   -   b. preparation of CF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCF₂COONH₄

A 2 liter glass flask equipped with a thermometer, reflux condenser,dropping funnel and stirrer was used. 159 g of CF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCF₂CH₂OH,520 g water, and 100 g sulfuric acid were added to the flask. 190 gKMnO4 were added manually to the liquid over a period of 2 hours whilestirring. The reaction temperature increased to 95° C. over time. Aftera post reaction time of two hours, an aqueous solution of sodiumbisulfite was added until a clear solution was formed. 100 g of methanoland in total 400 g of 50% aqueous sulphuric acid were added. Flashdistillation of the reaction mixture resulted in a two phase distillate.Fractionation of the lower phase (120 g) gave 85.5 g ofCF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCF₂COOCH₃ (bp 34-35° C./6 mbar; yield 50%). The ester wasconverted to the ammonium salt by saponification with aqueous ammoniaand subsequent removal of methanol by distillation.

Synthesis of Compound 3: CF₃OCF₂CF₂CF₂OCHFCOONH₄

A glass flask equipped with a reflux condenser, thermometer, andmagnetic stirrer was used. Perfluoromethoxy propyl vinyl ether (498 g),t-butanol (149 g), water (1007 g), potassium hydroxide (280 g), andmethyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (10 g) were added to the flask. Theresulting two phase mixture was heated to reflux for 16 hours undervigorous stirring. The mixture was cooled to room temperature andsulphuric acid (588 g) was added. The two phase mixture was heated againunder vigorous stirring. At about 70° C. gas began to evolve. Heatingwas continued until the gas evolution ceased. The reflux condenser wasreplaced by a distillation device which allowed the separation of alower phase while returning the upper phase to the flask. Methanol (150g) was added and the mixture was heated for distillation. Distillationwas carried out at ambient pressure without any intent forrectification. The condensed vapors separated into two phases. The lowerphase was collected and the upper phase was returned to the flask.Distillation was continued until no more lower phase separated from thecondensate. The combined crude ester (493 g) was purified byfractionated distillation, resulting in 401 g CF₃O(CF2)₃OCHFCOOCH₃ witha boiling point of 51 to 52° C./22 mbar. This corresponds to a yield of78%, based on vinyl ether used. The ester was converted to the ammoniumsalt by heating with aqueous ammonia and removal of methanol byfractionated distillation.

Alternatively, the previous reaction was repeated but 36 g of an aqueoussolution containing 11 g of CF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCOONH₄ was used as phasetransfer catalyst instead of methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride. Themixture was slowly heated to 70° C. internal temperature. Total reactiontime was 26 hours. Work up was carried out as described above. 438 g ofdistilled CF₃O(CF₂)₃OCHFCOOCH₃ was received. This corresponds to a yieldof 83% (calculation includes the amount of phase transfer catalyst). Theconversion to the ammonium salt was carried out as above.

Synthesis of Compound 4: C₃F₇OCHFCF₂COONH₄

-   -   a. preparation of CF₃CF₂CF₂OCHFCF₂CH₂OH

In a 2 liter glass flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, refluxcondenser, and dropping funnel were placed 1008 g methanol, 266 gperfluoropropyl vinyl ether, and 9,2 g of Rongalit® (sodiumhydroxymethyl sulfinate). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux,resulting in an internal temperature of 29° C. 7,1 g t-butylhydroperoxide (70% in water) was added in aliquots during a 9 h timeframe. The internal temperature reached 52° C. at the end. The reactionmixture showed a single liquid phase and some solids. The liquid wasanalyzed by GC and indicated a content of 223 g of C₃F₇OCHFCF₂CH₂OHwhich corresponded to a yield of 75%. Distillation of the reactionmixture resulted in 171 g of product (bp 54° C./23 mbar) correspondingto an isolated yield of 57%.

-   -   b. preparation of C₃F₇OCHFCF2COONH₄

A 2 liter glass flask equipped with a thermometer, reflux condenser,dropping funnel and stirrer was used. 674 g water, 136 g KMnO4, and 38 gNaOH were placed in the flask. 169 g C₃F₇OCHFCF₂CH₂OH were added to thewell stirred mixture via the dropping funnel. The temperature was heldbelow 50° C. Residual permanganate was destroyed by addition of a smallamount of methanol. The resulting slurry was filtered to remove theMnO₂. After washing the filter cake with water, the combined filtratewas transferred to a distillation apparatus and acidified with 65 g ofsulfuric acid. 100 g methanol was added and a flash distillation wasstarted. The distillate formed two layers. The lower layer was separatedand the upper layer returned to the distillation pot. In total 182 glower layer were collected. Fractionation of the crude ester resulted in137 g of C₃F₇OCHFCF₂COOCH₃ with a boiling point of 55-56° C./52 mbar.This corresponds to a yield of 77%. The ester was converted to theammonium salt by saponification with aqueous ammonia and subsequentremoval of methanol by distillation.

Synthesis of Compound 5: CF₃CF₂CF₂OCHFCOONH₄

A 2 liter glass flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometerand reflux condenser (−80° C.) was used. Heating of the flask wasprovided by an electric heating mantle. The conversion was carried outas a one pot reaction. 275 g perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE), 280 gKOH, 602 g water, 151 g t-butanol, and 10 g methyl trioctyl ammoniumchloride were placed in the flask. The three phase mixture was subjectedto vigorous stirring. After initial heating a moderate exothermicreaction occurred. Mixing was continued for nine hours. During this timethe internal temperature adjusted to 27-33° C. Mixing was stopped whenthe exothermic reaction ceased. The reaction mixture formed two layers.The low temperature reflux condenser was replaced by a standard refluxcondenser. Sulfuric acid (392 g) was slowly added without externalcooling. The batch was heated to reflux. Unreacted PPVE was vented. Atabout 80° C. internal temperature gas began to evolve. Heating wascontinued until the gas evolution had ceased. At this time the internaltemperature reached 101° C. The batch was cooled to RT and the refluxcondenser was replaced by a distillation device. No column was used. 110g methanol was added to the batch and distillation was started. Thecondensed vapors formed two layers. The lower layer was separated andthe upper layer was returned to the flask. Distillation was stopped whenno more lower phase was formed. In total, 234 g of lower phase werecollected. Fractionation of the lower phase yielded 167 g ofC₃F₇OCHFCOOCH₃ with a boiling point of 120-122° C. at ambient pressure.

Calculated yield: 59% based on total PPVE used; 70% based on convertedPPVE. The ester was converted to the ammonium salt by reaction withaqueous ammonia. Methanol was removed by fractionated distillation. Theresulting aqueous solution was used as an emulsifier in thepolymerization of fluorinated monomers.

Comparative Example 1 Polymerization of Fluorinated Monomers with APFO

28 l deionized water containing 2 g ammonium perfluorooctanoic acid(APFO) were fed in a 50 polymerization vessel together with 100 g NaOHand 36 mg CuSO₄. Air was removed by alternating evacuation andpressurizing with nitrogen up to 4 bar. Then the vessel was pressurizedwith 6.4 bar HFP, 5.2 bar VDF, 3.7 bar TFE and 0.1 bar ethane.

The temperature in the vessel is adjusted to 70° C. Polymerization wasinitiated by pumping in the vessel an aqueous solution containing 36 gammonium persulfate (APS) dissolved in 100 ml deionized water and asolution of 6 g Na₂S₂S₂O₅ in 50 ml deionized water. The speed ofagitation was 240 rpm. Polymerization temperature and pressure were keptconstant by feeding TFE, HFP and VDF in a constant ratio of1:0.455:0.855. When 3.5 kg TFE were consumed, polymerization was stoppedby closing the monomer-feeding and lowering the speed of agitation. Thevessel was vented and the resulting dispersion discharged. The thusobtained dispersion had a solid content of 23% and particle size (volumeaverage diameter) of about 271 nm.

Example 1 Polymerization of Fluorinated Monomers Using Compound 1

28 l deionized water containing 2 g of compound 1 were fed in a 50 lpolymerization vessel together with 100 g NaOH and 36 mg CuSO_(4.) Airwas removed by alternating evacuation and pressurizing with nitrogen upto 4 bar. Then the vessel was pressurized with 6.4 bar HFP, 5.2 bar VDF,3.7 bar TFE and 0.1 bar ethane. The temperature in the vessel wasadjusted to 70° C. Polymerization was initiated by pumping in the vesselan aqueous solution containing 36 g APS dissolved in 100 ml deionizedwater and a solution of 6 g Na₂S₂O₅ in 50 ml deionized water. The speedof agitation was 240 rpm. Polymerization temperature and pressure werekept constant by feeding TFE, HFP and VDF in a constant ratio of1:0.455:0.855. When 3.5 kg TFE were consumed, polymerization was stoppedby closing the monomer-feeding and lowering the speed of agitation. Thevessel was vented and the resulting dispersion discharged. The thusobtained dispersion had a solid content of 21% and particle size ofabout 243 nm (volume average diameter). The MFI(265° C/5kg) was 0.04.

Examples 2 to 5 Polymerization of Fluorinated Monomers Using Compounds 2to 5

In examples 2 to 5, polymerization of fluorinated monomers was doneusing compounds 2 to 5 respectively. The polymerization experiments wereperformed in a 40 1 kettle equipped with an impeller agitator and abaffle. The kettle was charged with 30 1 of deionized water and set to35° C.; the kettle was evacuated repeatedly to remove oxygen. Agitationspeed was set to 165 rpm. The oxygen free kettle was charged with 70mmol fluorinated surfactant (compounds 2-5) as listed in table 3 and thefollowing materials were added: 0.5 ml of a solution containing 40 mg ofcopper sulphate penta hydrate and 1 mg of conc. sulphuric acid; 15 g ofa 25 w-% of aqueous ammonia solution and 5.6 g ofCF₃CF₂CF2—O—CF(CF₃)—CF—O—CF═CF₂ (PPVE-2). Finally the reactor waspressurized with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) to 0.2 MPa and 47 g ofhexafluoropropylene (HFP) were added. The kettle was then set to 1.5 MPausing TFE and 100 ml of an aqueous initiator solution containing 140 mgof sodium disulfite followed by 100 ml of a solution containing 340 mgof ammonium peroxodisulfate was pumped into the reactor. The beginningof the polymerization was indicated by a pressure drop. Duringpolymerization the pressure was maintained at 1.5 MPa by feeding TFEcontinuously. After 3.2 kg of TFE had been added, the monomer valve wasclosed and the pressure was released. The characteristics of theobtained polymer latices are summarized in table 1.

1000 ml of this polymer dispersion were coagulated by adding 20 mlhydrochloric acid under agitation. The coagulated material wasagglomerated with gasoline and washed repeatedly. The agglomeratedpolymer was dried overnight at 200° C. in a vacuum oven; test data aregiven in table 1.

TABLE 1 fluoropolymer test data Ex 2 3 4 Compound 2 3 4 Polymerization82 82 83 time (min) Average Particle 126 108 128 Size (nm) SSG 2.1682.167 2.164 (g/cm³) Solid content 10.2 10.3 10.2 (w-%)

Determination of Bio-Accumulation

The fluorinated surfactants were evaluated for urinary clearance using apharmacokinetic study in rats. The goal was to measure the total amountof parent compound eliminated via urinary output and estimate the rateof elimination. The study was approved by the IACUC (InstitutionalAnimal Care and Use Committees) and was performed in 3M Company's AAALAC(Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory AnimalCare)—accredited facility.

The study utilized male Sprague Dawley rats, 6 to 8 weeks of age, andapproximately 200 to 250 g body weight at study onset. The testcompounds of table 2 were administered at a dose of 73 micro Moles perkg body weight in rats (N=3 animals per tested compound). All testcompounds were prepared in sterile deionized water and given to rats viaoral gavage. After test compounds administration, the rats were housedindividually in metabolism cages for urine collection: 0 to 6 hours, 6to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours and 72 to 96 hours. Animals were observedthroughout the study for clinical signs of toxicity. Gross necropsy wasperformed at the termination of each study (96 hours post-dose) withsera and liver samples being retained from each animal.

The concentration of the parent compound or metabolites thereof werequantitatively measured via fluorine NMR on each urine sample for eachanimal at each time point based on internally added standards.

The bioaccumulation data obtained in accordance with the above test arereported in table 2 below.

TABLE 2 T ½ % Recovery Compound-related (h) (96 h) Effects APFO ~550 6Hepatomegaly Compound 2 12 84 — Compound 3 11 95 — Compound 4 11 94 —

T ½ and % recovery are based on elimination of the majormetabolite-C₃F₇—O—CHFCOO⁻. T½ is the renal half-life and is the timerequired for the amount of a particular substance in a biological systemto be reduced to one half of its value by biological processes when therate of removal is approximately exponential. In these examples thevalue of T½ is calculated by exponential least squares curve fitting(y=Ae^(Bx) and T½=0.693/B) where y represents the concentration ofanalyte in urine and x represents time in hours.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for making a fluoropolymer comprising:aqueous emulsion polymerizing of a fluorinated monomer in the presenceof water, wherein the polymerizing further takes place in the presenceof one or more first fluorinated surfactant having the general formula:[R_(f)—(O)_(t)—CHF—(CF2)_(n)—COO—]_(i)X^(i+) wherein R_(f) represents afluorinated aliphatic group, t is 0 or 1, and n is 0 or 1, and furtherwherein X^(i+) represents a cation having a valence of i, and i is 1, 2,or
 3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R_(f) contains one or more etheroxygen atoms.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein t is 1 and wherein R_(f)is selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated aliphatic groupsof 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thepolymerizing takes place in the presence of the one or more firstfluorinated surfactant being present in an amount of from 0.001 to 5percent by weight based on the weight of the water.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the polymerizing takes place in the further presence ofone or more second fluorinated surfactant other than the firstfluorinated surfactant defined in claim
 1. 6. The method of claim 5wherein the second fluorinated surfactant is a perfluorinated polyethersurfactant.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymerizing resultsin an aqueous composition that comprises a fluoropolymer particle. 8.The method of claim 7, wherein the fluoropolymer particle has an averagediameter of from 40 nm to 400 nm.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein theamount of fluoropolymer particle in the aqueous composition has a firstconcentration of from 15 to 70 percent by weight based on the weight ofthe water.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising increasing theamount of fluoropolymer particle in the aqueous composition from a firstconcentration to a second concentration, wherein the secondconcentration is greater than the first concentration.
 11. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising adding a non-ionic, non-fluorinatedsurfactant to the aqueous composition.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the non-ionic, non-fluorinated surfactant has the generalformula:R¹—O—[CH₂CH₂O]_(n)—[R²O]_(m)—R³ wherein R¹ represents an aromatic oraliphatic hydrocarbon group having at least 8 carbon atoms, R²represents an alkylene group having 3 carbon atoms, R³ represents analkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, n has a value of from 0 to40, m has a value of from 0 to 40, and the sum of n +m is at least 2.13. The method of claim 7, further comprising applying the aqueouscomposition to a substrate.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein thefluorinated monomer comprises a mixture of tetrafluoroethylene,hexafluoropropylene and a perfluorinated vinyl ether.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the perfluorinated vinyl ether isCF₃CF₂CF₂—O—CF(CF₃)—CF₂—O—CF═CF_(2.)
 16. The method of claim 14, whereinthe polymerizing takes place at 35° C.
 17. The method of claim 14,further comprising coagulating the aqueous composition with hydrochloricacid to give a coagulated material.
 18. The method of claim 17, furthercomprising agglomerating the coagulated material with gasoline to givean agglomerated material.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprisingdrying the agglomerated material at 200° C.
 20. The method of claim 14,wherein the polymerizing results in an aqueous composition thatcomprises a fluoropolymer particle having a z-average particle size offrom 100 to 150 nm.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymerizingresults in an aqueous composition that comprises a fluoropolymerparticle having a standard specific gravity of from 2.16 to 2.17.
 22. Amethod for preparing a fluorinated surfactant, the process comprising:carrying out a free radical reaction of a fluorinated olefin with ahydrocarbon alcohol and oxidizing the resulting reaction product,wherein the fluorinated olefin has the formula:R_(f)—(O)_(t)—CF═CF2 wherein R_(f) represents a fluorinated aliphaticgroup, t is 0 or 1, and further wherein the fluorinated surfactant hasthe general formula:[Rf—(O)_(t)—CHF—(CF₂)—COO⁻]_(i)X^(i+) wherein R_(f) and t are as definedabove, and X^(i−) represents a cation having a valence i, and i is 1, 2,or 3.